Cardinal numbers
(Using cardinal numbers in English)
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Use (writing and pronouncing) of cardinal numbers in English
Cardinal numbers are the ‘regular’ numbers in the English language. Although they seem to appear easy in their usage, the following particularities need to be considered:
- Starting with the basic number one hundred one (101), the conjunction ‘and’ can either be placed in the middle or omitted. By and large, this choice depends on the regional way of speaking, that is:
- ‘two hundred and twenty-three’ (223)
- This practice is more commonly used in British English.
- ‘two hundred twenty-three’ (223)
- In American English, the number is more common without ‘and’.
- ‘two hundred and twenty-three’ (223)
- Numbers from 21 up to including 99 (excluding the full tens like 30, 40, etc.) are written with a hyphen:
- 27 → ‘twenty-seven’
- 63 → ‘sixty-three’
- With one hundred, one thousand, and one million, either ‘a’ or ‘one’ may be put before the numeral. These numerals rarely appear alone (without determiner) in English. So, we say:
- ‘a hundred’ or ‘one hundred’
- ‘a thousand’ or ‘one thousand’
- ‘a million’ or ‘one million’
- Numbers from 1100 to 1900 can be spoken as hundreds. This pronunciation is especially the case with years:
- 1200 → ‘one thousand two hundred’
or: - 1200 → ‘twelve hundred’
- 1200 → ‘one thousand two hundred’
- For the teen numbers (the ones ending in ‘-teen’), i.e., thirteen (13) to nineteen (19), the suffix ‘-teen’ is simply added to the basic number. The syllable stress may vary, but further changes in spelling do not occur. Examples:
- ‘four’ → ‘fourteen’
- ‘six’ → ‘sixteen’
- Attention: Specialties exist with ‘thirteen, fifteen,’ and ‘eighteen’; see the table below for details.
- For reasons of separation, the cardinal numbers one thousand (1,000) and greater are usually written with a comma as a separator. To avoid confusion, note that in other languages, a blank space or a point may be possible for visual distinction. Examples:
- 1,000
- 12,300,800
List of English cardinal numbers
| Number | Written as word | Particularity (among others in spelling) |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | zero | – |
| 1 | one | – |
| 2 | two | – |
| 3 | three | – |
| 4 | four | – |
| 5 | five | – |
| 6 | six | – |
| 7 | seven | – |
| 8 | eight | – |
| 9 | nine | – |
| 10 | ten | – |
| 11 | eleven | – |
| 12 | twelve | – |
| 13 | thirteen* | ‘three’ becomes ‘thir-’ |
| 14 | fourteen | – |
| 15 | fifteen* | ‘five’ becomes ‘fif-’ |
| 16 | sixteen | – |
| 17 | seventeen | – |
| 18 | eighteen* | Merely ‘-een’ is appended, as the ‘t’ is already present. |
| 19 | nineteen | – |
| 20 | twenty | – |
| 21 | twenty-one | – |
| 22, 23, … | twenty-two, twenty-three, … | – |
| 30 | thirty | – |
| 35 | thirty-five | – |
| 40 | forty* | Careful: The ‘u’ is dropped. |
| 45 | forty-five* | Careful: The ‘u’ in ‘forty’ is dropped. |
| 50 | fifty* | ‘five’ becomes ‘fif-’ |
| 60 | sixty | – |
| 70 | seventy | – |
| 80 | eighty* | Merely ‘y’ is appended. |
| 90 | ninety | – |
| 100 | a/one hundred | – |
| 101 | a/one hundred (and) one | – |
| 200 | two hundred | – |
| 1,000 | a/one thousand | – |
| 2,457 | two thousand four hundred (and) fifty seven | – |
| 1,000,000 | a/one million | – |
| 1,000,000,000 | a/one billion* | Info: This number is rarely called ‘milliard’. |
| 1,000,000,000,000 | a/one trillion* | Careful: This number means ‘a billion’ in many non-English-speaking countries. |
Special cases are marked with an asterisk (*) and highlighted in colour.
Further explanations related to the ‘Cardinal numbers in English’
The following explanations relate to the topic ‘Using cardinal numbers in English’ and could therefore be interesting too:
- The number ‘zero’ in English
- Units in English
- List of exercises about numbers, numerals, and time